Background How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severity of ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years.
Methods We used data for age-specific mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Sociodemographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males.
Findings Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7.4 years (95% uncertainty interval 74-7.8), from 65.6 years (65.3-65- 8) in 1990 to 73.0 years (72.7-73.3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5.1 years (5.0-5.3) in high SDI countries to 12.0 years (11.3-12.8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26.3% (20.1-33.1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11.7% (8.8-15.1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6.3 years (5.9-6.7), from 57.0 years (54.6-59.1) in 1990 to 63.3 years (60.5-65.7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3.8 years (3.4-4.1) in high SDI countries to 10.5 years (9.8-11.2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1.0 year (0.4-1.7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62.4 years [59.9-64.7] in 1990 to 63.5 years [60.9-65.8] in 2017) to 23.7 years (21.9-25.6) in Eritrea (30.7 years [28.9-32.2] in 1990 to 54.4 years [51.5-57.1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1.4 years (0.6-2.3) in Algeria to 11.9 years (10.9-12.9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75.8 years [72.4-78.7]) and males (72.6 years [69 " 8-75.0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47.0 years [43.7-50.2] for females and 42.8 years [40.1-45.6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the five leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41.3% (38.8-43.5) for communicable diseases and by 49"8% (47.9-51.6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40.1% (36.8-43.0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18.1% (16.0-20.2).
Interpretation With increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low S DI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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[293]Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Milan, Italy;
[294]Lorestan Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Khorramabad, Iran;
[295]Mizan Tepi Univ, Publ Hlth Dept, Teppi, Ethiopia;
[296]Mizan Tepi Univ, Teppi, Ethiopia;
[297]Wolaita Sodo Univ, Coll Hlth Sci & Med, Sodo, Ethiopia;
[298]Mekelle Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Mekelle, Ethiopia;
[299]Mekelle Univ, Dept Nutr & Dietet, Mekelle, Ethiopia;
[300]Mekelle Univ, Sch Pharm, Mekelle, Ethiopia;
[301]Mekelle Univ, Dept Biostat, Mekelle, Ethiopia;
[302]Mekelle Univ, Anat Unit, Mekelle, Ethiopia;
[303]Mekelle Univ, Clin Pharm Unit, Mekelle, Ethiopia;
[304]Mekelle Univ, Dept Midwifery, Mekelle, Ethiopia;
[305]Mekelle Univ, Mekelle, Ethiopia;
[306]Debre Markos Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Debre Markos, Ethiopia;
[307]Debre Markos Univ, Dept Nursing, Debre Markos, Ethiopia;
[308]Debre Markos Univ, Coll Hlth Sci, Debre Markos, Ethiopia;
[309]Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA;
[310]Yale Univ, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, New Haven, CT USA;
[311]Univ Alberta, Dept Med, Edmonton, AB, Canada;
[312]Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Populat Hlth, Oxford, England;
[313]Univ Oxford, Big Data Inst, Nuffield Dept Med, Oxford, England;
[314]Univ Oxford, Ctr Trop Med & Global Hlth, Nuffield Dept Med, Oxford, England;
[315]Univ Oxford, Big Data Inst, Oxford, England;
[316]Univ Oxford, Dept Psychiat, Oxford, England;
[317]Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Womens & Reprod Hlth, Oxford, England;
[318]Univ Oxford, Oxford, England;
[319]Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Internal Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
[320]Univ Sao Paulo, Div Ophthalmol, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
[321]Univ Sao Paulo, Univ Hosp, Internal Med Dept, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
[322]Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
[323]Univ Sao Paulo, Lab Genet & Mol Cardiol, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
[324]Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Pathol & Legal Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
[325]Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Psychiat, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
[326]Univ Sao Paulo, Ctr Clin & Epidemiol Res, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
[327]Kings Coll London, Dent Inst, London, England;
[328]Kings Coll London, Fac Life Sci & Med, London, England;
[329]Kings Coll London, St Johns Inst Dermatol, London, England;
[330]Kings Coll London, Div Patient & Populat, London, England;
[331]Kings Coll London, Sch Populat Hlth & Environm Sci, London, England;
[332]Emory Univ, Hubert Dept Global Hlth, Atlanta, CA USA;
[333]Univ S Florida, Dept Global Hlth, Tampa, FL USA;
[334]Queen Elizabeth Hosp Birmingham, Inst Appl Hlth Res & Translat Med, Birmingham, W Midlands, England;
[335]Univ Birmingham, IAHR ITM, Birmingham, W Midlands, England;
[336]Imperial Coll London, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, London, England;
[337]Imperial Coll London, Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth, London, England;
[338]Imperial Coll London, WHO, Collaborating Ctr Publ Hlth Educ & Training, London, England;
[339]Imperial Coll London, Sch Publ Hlth, London, England;
[340]Imperial Coll London, Div Brain Sci, London, England;
[341]Imperial Coll London, London, England;
[342]George Inst Global Hlth, New Delhi, India;
[343]Aga Khan Univ, Ctr Excellence Women & Child Hlth, Karachi, Pakistan;
[344]Babol Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Babol Sar, Iran;
[345]Babol Univ Med Sci, Hlth Res Inst, Babol Sar, Iran;
[346]Babol Univ Med Sci, Dept Immunol, Babol Sar, Iran;
[347]Babol Univ Med Sci, Dept Clin Biochem, Babol Sar, Iran;
[348]Babol Univ Med Sci, Cellular & Mol Biol Res Ctr, Babol Sar, Iran;
[349]Babol Univ Med Sci, Infect Dis & Trop Med Res Ctr, Babol Sar, Iran;
[350]Babol Univ Med Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Babol Sar, Iran;
[351]Babol Univ Med Sci, Student Res Comm, Babol Sar, Iran;
[352]Babol Univ Med Sci, Babol Sar, Iran;
[353]Woldia Univ, Woldia, Ethiopia;
[354]Univ Dhaka, Dept Clin Pharm & Pharmacol, Ramna, Bangladesh;
[355]Res Triangle Inst Int, Global Hlth Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA;
[356]Univ Nottingham, Sch Med, Nottingham, England;
[357]Univ Nottingham, Ctr Evidence Based Dermatol, Nottingham, England;
[358]Univ Bergen, Dept Global Publ Hlth & Primary Care, Bergen, Norway;
[359]Univ Bergen, Dept Psychosocial Sci, Bergen, Norway;
[360]Canc Registry Norway, Dept Res, Oslo, Norway;
[361]Canc Registry Norway, Oslo, Norway;
[362]Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Radiat Med, Portland, OR 97201 USA;
[363]Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Surg, Portland, OR 97201 USA;
[364]Univ Texas Houston, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX USA;
[365]Minist Publ Hlth, Dept Vital & Hlth Stat, Beirut, Lebanon;
[366]Minist Publ Hlth, Dept Dis Epidem & Pandem Control, Beirut, Lebanon;
[367]Minist Publ Hlth, Beirut, Lebanon;
[368]Univ New South Wales, Transport & Rd Safety Res, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
[369]Univ New South Wales, Natl Drug & Alcohol Res Ctr, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
[370]Univ New South Wales, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
[371]Univ New South Wales, Sch Med, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
[372]Univ New South Wales, Sch Psychiat, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
[373]Anglia Ruskin Univ, Vision & Eye Res Unit, Cambridge, England;
[374]London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, London, England;
[375]London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Dis Control, London, England;
[376]London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Epidemiol & Populat Hlth, London, England;
[377]London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Hlth Serv Res & Policy, London, England;
[378]London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Med Stat, London, England;
[379]London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Noncommunicable Dis Epidemiol, London, England;
[380]Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Sch Med, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil;
[381]Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Clin Hosp, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil;
[382]Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Dept Maternal & Child Nursing & Publ Hlth, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil;
[383]Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Hosp Fed Univ Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil;
[384]Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Postgrad Program Infect Dis & Trop Med, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil;
[385]Univ Cambridge, Dept Publ Hlth & Primary Care, Cambridge, England;
[386]Comenius Univ, Inst Epidemiol, Bratislava, Slovakia;
[387]Ohio State Univ, Dept Psychol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA;
[388]Ohio State Univ, Coll Publ Hlth, Columbus, OH 43210 USA;
[389]Ohio State Univ, Psychiat & Behav Hlth Dept, Columbus, OH 43210 USA;
[390]German Canc Res Ctr, Div Clin Epidemiol & Aging Res, Heidelberg, Germany;
[391]Hlth Technol Assessment Assoc, Comm Comprehens Assessment Med Devices & informat, Moscow, Russia;
[392]Inst Sci Res & High Technol Serv, Neurosci, City Of Knowledge, Panama;
[393]Gorgas Mem Inst Hlth Studies, Dept Res & Hlth Technol Assessment, Panama City, Panama;
[394]Gorgas Mem Inst Hlth Studies, Panama City, Panama;
[395]Cabrini Inst, Monash Dept Clin Epidemiol, Melbourne, Vic, Australia;
[396]Charite Univ Med Ctr Berlin, Inst Publ Hlth, Berlin, Germany;
[397]Charite Univ Med Ctr Berlin, Dept Operat & Prevent Dent, Berlin, Germany;
[398]Univ British Columbia, Sch Populat & Publ Hlth, Vancouver, BC, Canada;
[399]Univ British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;
[400]Al Shifa Trust Eye Hosp, Al shifa Sch Publ Hlth, Rawalpindi, Pakistan;
[401]Univ Valley Cuernavaca, Sch Med, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico;
[402]Metropolitan Autonomous Univ, Dept Populat & Hlth, Mexico City, DF, Mexico;
[403]Univ Porto, Inst Publ Hlth, Porto, Portugal;
[404]Univ Porto, Inst Biomed Engn, Porto, Portugal;
[405]Univ Porto, REQUIMTE LAQV, Porto, Portugal;
[406]Univ Porto, Dept Clin Neurosci & Mental Hlth, Fac Med, Porto, Portugal;
[407]Univ Porto, Dept Community Med, Porto, Portugal;
[408]Univ Porto, UCIBIO, Porto, Portugal;
[409]Univ Porto, Appl Mol Biosci Unit, Porto, Portugal;
[410]Univ Porto, Inst Res & Innovat Hlth, Porto, Portugal;
[411]Natl Inst Hlth, Colombian Natl Hlth Observ, Bogota, Colombia;
[412]Natl Inst Hlth, Natl Inst Deafness & Other Commun Disorders, Bogota, Colombia;
[413]Univ Nacl Colombia, Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Evaluat Grp, Bogota, Colombia;
[414]Univ Nacl Colombia, Dept Publ Hlth, Bogota, Colombia;
[415]Inst Hlth Carlos III, Dept Hlth Planning & Econ, Madrid, Spain;
[416]Australian Catholic Univ, Mary MacKillop Inst Hlth Res, Melbourne, Vic, Australia;
[417]Australian Catholic Univ, Brain Inst, Melbourne, Vic, Australia;
[418]Univ Hong Kong, Sch Publ Hlth, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China;
[419]Univ Hong Kong, Ctr Suicide Res & Prevent, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China;
[420]Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China;
[421]Alfaisal Univ, Coll Med, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;
[422]Natl Taiwan Univ, Coll Med, Taipei, Taiwan;
[423]Univ West Indies, Fac Med Sci, St Augustine, Trinid & Tobago;
[424]Gold Coast Hlth, Clin Governance, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia;
[425]Minist Hlth, Baghdad, Iraq;
[426]Seoul Natl Univ Hosp, Biomed Sci, Biochem, Seoul, South Korea;
[427]Univ Copenhagen, Inst Clin Med, Copenhagen, Denmark;
[428]Univ Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hosp, Copenhagen, Denmark;
[429]Christian Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Pulm Med, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India;
[430]Christian Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Endocrinol, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India;
[431]Christian Med Coll & Hosp, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India;
[432]UCL, Dept Hlth Informat, London, England;
[433]UCL, Inst Global Hlth, London, England;
[434]UCL, Dept Psychol, London, England;
[435]UCL, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, London, England;
[436]Hlth Data Res UK, London, England;
[437]Univ Salerno, Scuola Med Salernitana, Baronissi, Italy;
[438]Autonomous Univ Chile, Fac Educ, Talca, Chile;
[439]Autonomous Univ Chile, Inst Phys Act & Hlth, Talca, Chile;
[440]Univ Southampton, NIHR Oxford Biomed Res Ctr, Southampton, Hants, England;
[441]Univ Milano Bicocca, Sch Med & Surg, Monza, Italy;
[442]Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Postgrad Program Epidemiol, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;
[443]Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Family Med & Publ Hlth, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA;
[444]Univ Sydney, Inst Bone & Joint Res, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
[445]Univ Sydney, Sydney Sch Publ Hlth, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
[446]Univ Sydney, Sydney Med Sch, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
[447]Univ Sydney, Asbestos Dis Res Inst, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
[448]Univ Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
[449]Univ Otago, Ctr Int Hlth, Dunedin, New Zealand;
[450]Duke Univ, Div Infect Dis & Int Hlth, Durham, NC USA;
[451]Duke Univ, Duke Global Hlth Inst, Durham, NC USA;
[452]Hawassa Univ, Coll Med & Hlth Sci, Hawassa, Ethiopia;
[453]Hawassa Univ, Dept Reprod Hlth, Hawassa, Ethiopia;
[454]Flinders Univ S Australia, Discipline Publ Hlth, Adelaide, SA, Australia;
[455]Guys & St Thomas NHS Fdn Trust, Clin Toxicol Serv, London, England;
[456]Guys & St Thomas NHS Fdn Trust, Biomed Res Council, London, England;
[457]BRAC Univ, James P Grant Sch Publ Hlth, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
[458]BRAC Univ, Res & Evaluat Div, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
[459]Clin Emergency Hosp Sf Pantelimon, Dept Surg, Bucharest, Romania;
[460]Griffith Univ, Australian Inst Suicide Res & Prevent, Mt Gravatt, Qld, Australia;
[461]Griffith Univ, Menzies Hlth Inst Queensland, Mt Gravatt, Qld, Australia;
[462]Univ Ghent, Dept Agr Econ, Ghent, Belgium;
[463]Aksum Univ, Dept Clin Pharm, Aksum, Ethiopia;
[464]Aksum Univ, Dept Med Lab Sci, Aksum, Ethiopia;
[465]Brighton & Sussex Med Sch, Dept Global Hlth & Infect, Brighton, E Sussex, England;
[466]Natl Hlth Serv Scotland, Informat Serv Div, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland;
[467]Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece;
[468]Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai, Dept Psychiat, New York, NY 10029 USA;
[469]Disha Fdn, Gurgaon, India;
[470]Univ Peradeniya, Dept Community Med, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka;
[471]Nepal Hlth Res Council, Hlth Res Sect, Kathmandu, Nepal;
[472]Swedish Family Med First Hill, Seattle, WA USA;
[473]Minist Hlth & Med Educ, Deputy Res & Technol, Tehran, Iran;
[474]Minist Hlth & Med Educ, Tehran, Iran;
[475]Nguyen Tat Thanh Univ, Ctr Excellence Hlth Serv Management, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;
[476]Nguyen Tat Thanh Univ, Ctr Excellence Behav Hlth, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;
[477]Nguyen Tat Thanh Univ, Ctr Excellence Behav Med, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;
[478]Med Univ Varna, Dept Social Med & Hlth Care Org, Varna, Bulgaria;
[479]Univ Cape Coast, Dept Populat & Hlth, Cape Coast, Ghana;
[480]Univ Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana;
[481]Univ Tampere, Fac Social Sci, Hlth Sci, Tampere, Finland;
[482]Univ Tampere, Fac Hlth Sci, Hlth Sci, Tampere, Finland;
[483]Univ Rochester, Rochester, NY USA;
[484]RMIT Univ, Sch Hlth & Biomed Sci, Bundoora, Vic, Australia;
[485]RMIT Univ, Dept Psychol, Bundoora, Vic, Australia;
[486]United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India;
[487]Univ Fed Bahia, Sch Med, Salvador, BA, Brazil;
[488]Univ Fed Bahia, Inst Publ Hlth, Salvador, BA, Brazil;
[489]Roberto Santos Gen Hosp, Diretoria Med, Salvador, BA, Brazil;
[490]Umea Univ, Dept Nursing, Umea, Sweden;
[491]Univ Newcastle, Clin Epidemiol & Biostat, Newcastle, NSW, Australia;
[492]Univ Tromso, Dept Community Med, Tromso, Norway;
[493]Univ Michigan, Inst Hlth Care Policy & Innovat, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA;
[494]Univ Michigan, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA;
[495]Eijkman Inst Mol Biol, Eijkman Oxford Clin Res Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia;
[496]St Pauls Hosp, Millennium Med Coll, Publ Hlth Dept, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
[497]Minist Hlth, Epidemiol & Dis Control, Singapore, Singapore;
[498]Minist Hlth, Singapore, Singapore;
[499]Queensland Ctr Mental Hlth Res, Psychiat Epidemiol & Burden Dis Res, Brisbane, Qld, Australia;
[500]Queensland Ctr Mental Hlth Res, Policy & Epidemiol Grp, Brisbane, Qld, Australia;
[501]Queensland Ctr Mental Hlth Res, Child & Youth Mental Hlth, Brisbane, Qld, Australia;
[502]Queensland Ctr Mental Hlth Res, Brisbane, Qld, Australia;
[503]Urmia Univ Med Sci, Dept Med Parasitol & Mycol, Orumiyeh, Iran;
[504]Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic Univ, Coll Med, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;
[505]Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;
[506]Univ Louisville, Div Cardiovasc Med, Louisville, KY 40292 USA;
[507]Natl Stat Off, Lisbon, Portugal;
[508]Univ Bologna, Dept Med & Surg Sci, Bologna, Italy;
[509]Univ Fed Sergipe, Dept Psychol, Sao Cristovao, Brazil;
[510]Hamadan Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Hamadan, Iran;
[511]Hamadan Univ Med Sci, Dept Epidemiol, Hamadan, Iran;
[512]Hamadan Univ Med Sci, Dept Environm Hlth Engn, Hamadan, Iran;
[513]Auckland Univ Technol, Natl Inst Stroke & Appl Neurosci, Auckland, New Zealand;
[514]Bahir Dar Univ, Dept Publ Hlth Nutr, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
[515]Bahir Dar Univ, Dept Psychiat, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
[516]Univ Ottawa, Div Neurol, Ottawa, ON, Canada;
[517]Catholic Univ Portugal, Ctr Biotechnol & Fine Chem, Porto, Portugal;
[518]Kaiser Permanente, Psychiat, Fontana, CA USA;
[519]AT Still Univ, Dept Hlth Sci, Mesa, AZ USA;
[520]AT Still Univ, Mesa, AZ USA;
[521]Bielefeld Univ, Dept Publ Hlth Med, Bielefeld, Germany;
[522]Natl Acad Med Sci Ukraine, Inst Gerontol, Kiev, Ukraine;
[523]Canc Inst, Gene Express & Regulat Program, Philadelphia, PA USA;
[524]Kobe Univ, Dept Dermatol, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan;
[525]Swiss Trop & Publ Hlth Inst, Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Basel, Switzerland;
[526]Swiss Trop & Publ Hlth Inst, Malaria Vaccines, Basel, Switzerland;
[527]Univ Basel, Basel, Switzerland;
[528]Univ Tasmania, Menzies Inst Med Res, Hobart, Tas, Australia;
[529]Manhica Hlth Res Ctr, TB, Manhica, Mozambique;
[530]Barcelona Inst Global Hlth, TB Dept, Barcelona, Spain;
[531]Barcelona Inst Global Hlth, Barcelona, Spain;
[532]Curtin Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Perth, WA, Australia;
[533]Wageningen Univ & Res, Div Human Nutr & Hlth, Wageningen, Netherlands;
[534]Reg Hlth Council, Directorate Gen Publ Hlth, Madrid, Spain;
[535]Univ Tsukuba, Dept Hlth Care Policy & Management, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan;
[536]Natl Allergy Asthma & Bronchitis Inst, Dept Resp Med, Kolkota, India;
[537]Fortis Hosp, Dept Resp Med, Kolkata, India;
[538]Univ Warwick, Unit Acad Primary Care, Coventry, W Midlands, England;
[539]Univ Warwick, Div Hlth Sci, Coventry, W Midlands, England;
[540]Univ Adelaide, Adelaide Med Sch, Adelaide, SA, Australia;
[541]Univ Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia;
[542]Univ Hail, Dept Family & Community Med, Hail, Saudi Arabia;
[543]Res Ctr Neurol, Moscow, Russia;
[544]Jawahar Lal Nehru Univ, Ctr Study Reg Dev, New Delhi, India;
[545]Int Inst Populat Sci, Dept Populat Studies, Bombay, Maharashtra, India;
[546]Int Inst Populat Sci, Dept Publ Hlth & Mortal Studies, Bombay, Maharashtra, India;
[547]Int Inst Populat Sci, Bombay, Maharashtra, India;
[548]Univ Massachusetts, Nursing & Hlth Sci Dept, Boston, MA 02125 USA;
[549]Univ Oklahoma, Dept Biostat & Epidemiol, Oklahoma City, OK USA;
[550]Govt Federated States Micronesia, Dept Hlth & Social Affairs, Palikir, Micronesia;
[551]Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA;
[552]Vittorio Emanuele Univ, Hosp Polyclin, Registro Tumori Integra, Catania, Italy;
[553]St James Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol, The Valley, Anguilla;
[554]St James Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, The Valley, Anguilla;
[555]Univ Lorraine, Sch Publ Hlth, Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France;
[556]Healis Sekhsaria Inst Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Bombay, Maharashtra, India;
[557]West Virginia Bur Publ Hlth, Commissioner Publ Hlth, Charleston, WV USA;
[558]West Virginia Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Policy Management & Leadership, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA;
[559]Rajasthan Univ Hlth Sci, Acad & Res, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India;
[560]Eternal Heart Care Ctr & Res Inst, Dept Prevent Cardiol, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India;
[561]Montefiore Med Ctr, Dept Cardiol, 111 E 210th St, Bronx, NY 10467 USA;
[562]Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Epidemiol & Populat Hlth, Bronx, NY 10467 USA;
[563]Albert Einstein Coll Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA;
[564]Ramon De La Dictate Muniz Natl Inst Psychiat, Dept Epidemiol & Psychosociai Res, Mexico City, DF, Mexico;
[565]Aarhus Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Aarhus, Denmark;
[566]Aarhus Univ, Natl Ctr Register Based Res, Aarhus, Denmark;
[567]Erasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Publ Hlth, Rotterdam, Netherlands;
[568]Univ Western Ontario, Dept Clin Neurol Sci, London, ON, Canada;
[569]Univ Western Ontario, Clin Neurol Sci, London, ON, Canada;
[570]Lawson Hlth Res Inst, London, ON, Canada;
[571]Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Radiol, Baltimore, MD USA;
[572]Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA;
[573]Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Baltimore, MD USA;
[574]Arabian Gulf Univ, Dept Family & Community Med, Manama, Bahrain;
[575]Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart Univ, Sch Hlth & Environm Studies, Dubai, U Arab Emirates;
[576]Univ New Mexico, Populat Hlth Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA;
[577]Sir Charles Cairdner Hosp, Neurol Dept, Perth, WA, Australia;
[578]Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sun Yat Sen Global Hlth Inst, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China;
[579]Sun Yat Sen Univ, Dept Med Stat & Epidemiol, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China;
[580]Sree Chitra Tirunal Inst Med Sci & Technol, Cardiol Dept, Trivandrum, Kerala, India;
[581]Sree Chitra Tirunal Inst Med Sci & Technol, Hlth Educ & Hlth Promot Dept, Trivandrum, Kerala, India;
[582]Sree Chitra Tirunal Inst Med Sci & Technol, Achutha Menon Ctr Hlth Sci Studies, Trivandrum, Kerala, India;
[583]Sree Chitra Tirunal Inst Med Sci & Technol, Neurol Dept, Trivandrum, Kerala, India;
[584]Sree Chitra Tirunal Inst Med Sci & Technol, Trivandrum, Kerala, India;
[585]Tabriz Univ Medical Sci, Tabriz, Iran;
[586]Sum Juan De Dios Sanitary Pk, Res & Dev Unit, St Boi De Llobregat, Spain;
[587]Univ Barcelona, Dept Med, Barcelona, Spain;
[588]Univ Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;
[589]Univ Hosp Antwerp, Unit Epidemiol & Social Med, Antwerp, Belgium;
[590]Karolinska Univ Hosp, Clin Sci, Stockholm, Sweden;
[591]Int Fdn Dermatol, London, England;
[592]Bucharest Univ Econ Studies, Dept Stat & Econometr, Bucharest, Romania;
[593]Univ Med Ctr Groningen, Dept Psychiat, Groningen, Netherlands;
[594]Univ Med Ctr Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands;
[595]Columbia Univ, Dept Epidemiol, New York, NY USA;
[596]Columbia Univ, Dept Hlth & Behav Studies, New York, NY USA;
[597]NIH, Div Sci Programs, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA;
[598]NIH, Ctr Translat Res & Implementat Sci, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA;
[599]Univ Texas Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA;
[600]Guilan Univ Med Sci, Sch Hlth, Rasht, Iran;
[601]Guilan Univ Med Sci, Guilan Rd Trauma Res Ctr, Rasht, Iran;
[602]Manipal Univ, Transdisciplinary Ctr Qualitat Methods, Manipal, Karnataka, India;
[603]Univ Human Dev, Dept Comp Sci, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq;
[604]Bucharest Emergency Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Bucharest, Romania;
[605]Natl Inst Legal Med Mina Minovici, Clin Legal Med, Bucharest, Romania;
[606]Med Sch Tunis, Fac Med Tunis, Baab Saadoun, Tunisia;
[607]Minist Hlth & Sports, Int Relat Div, Naypyidaw, Myanmar;
[608]Univ Oslo, Inst Hlth & Soc, Oslo, Norway;
[609]Univ Oslo, Dept Hlth Management & Hlth Econ, Oslo, Norway;
[610]Univ Liberia, Dept Publ Hlth & Community Med, Monrovia, Liberia;
[611]Deakin Univ, Inst Phys Act & Nutr, Burwood, Vic, Australia;
[612]Deakin Univ, Sch Med, Burwood, Vic, Australia;
[613]Deakin Univ, Dept Psychol, Burwood, Vic, Australia;
[614]Amer Canc Soc, Surveillance & Hlth Serv Res, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA;
[615]George Mason Univ, Dept Global & Community Hlth, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA;
[616]Natl Ctr Dis Control Delhi, Dept Parasit Dis, Delhi, India;
[617]Univ Kragujevac, Med Sci Dept, Kragujevac, Serbia;
[618]Univ Colombo, Fac Grad Studies, Colombo, Sri Lanka;
[619]Univ Colombo, Inst Med, Colombo, Sri Lanka;
[620]Banaras Hindu Univ, Dept Community Med, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India;
[621]Duke Kunshan Univ, Environm Res Ctr, Kunshan, Peoples R China;
[622]Duke Kunshan Univ, Global Hlth Res Ctr, Kunshan, Peoples R China;
[623]Beijing Tongren Hosp, Beijing Inst Ophthalmol, Beijing, Peoples R China;
[624]New South Wales Hlth, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
[625]Univ Social Welf & Rehabil Sci Tehran, Tehran, Iran;
[626]All India Inst Med Sci, Ctr Community Med, New Delhi, India;
[627]All India Inst Med Sci, Dept Forens Med & Toxicol, New Delhi, India;
[628]All India Inst Med Sci, Dept Psychiat, New Delhi, India;
[629]All India Inst Med Sci, Dept Endocrinol Metab & Diabet, New Delhi, India;
[630]Univ Opole, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Opole, Poland;
[631]Univ Opole, Dept Family Med & Publ Hlth, Opole, Poland;
[632]Savitribai Phule Pune Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, Pune, Maharashtra, India;
[633]Univ Tartu, Inst Family Med & Publ Hlth, Tartu, Estonia;
[634]Univ Coll Cork, Sch Publ Hlth, Cork, Ireland;
[635]London Sch Econ & Polit Sci, Personal Social Serv Res Unit, London, England;
[636]Srirama Chandra Bhanja Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Nephrol, Cuttack, Orissa, India;
[637]Helmholtz Ctr Infect Res, Dept Epidemiol, Braunschweig, Germany;
[638]Qual & Equity Hlth Care, Kigali, Rwanda;
[639]Univ Washington, Sch Interdisciplinary Arts & Sci, Tacoma, WA USA;
[640]Seattle Childrens Hosp, Dept Anesthesiol & Pain Med, Seattle, WA USA;
[641]Univ Glasgow, CSO Social & Publ Hlth Sci Unit, MRC, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland;
[642]Oklahoma State Univ, Sch Hlth Care Adm, Tulsa, OK USA;
[643]Univ Tulsa, Hlth Care Delivery Sci, Tulsa, OK 74104 USA;
[644]Univ Nairobi, ODeL Campus, Nairobi, Kenya;
[645]Univ Nairobi, Dept Psychiat, Nairobi, Kenya;
[646]Michigan State Univ, Slavic Asian & African Languages, Dept Linguist & German, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA;
[647]Med Res Council South Africa, Noncommunicable Dis Res Unit, Cape Town, South Africa;
[648]Med Res Council South Africa, Alcohol Tobacco & Other Drug Use Res Unit, Cape Town, South Africa;
[649]Med Res Council South Africa, Cochrane South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa;
[650]Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, Cape Town, South Africa;
[651]Univ Cape Town, Dept Psychiat & Mental Hlth, Cape Town, South Africa;
[652]Univ Cape Town, Dept Paediat & Child Hlth, Cape Town, South Africa;
[653]Assuta Hosp, Inst Cardiol, Tel Aviv Yaffo, Israel;
[654]Hadassah Hebrew Univ Hosp, Heart Failure & Cardiomyopathies Ctr, Jerusalem, Israel;
[655]Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Publ Hlth & Community Med, Ramtha, Jordan;
[656]Azad Univ, Omidiyeh Branch, Dept Stat, Tehran, Iran;
[657]Univ Management & Technol, Sch Food & Agr Sci, Lahore, Pakistan;
[658]Hlth Serv Acad, Epidemiol & Biostat Dept, Islamabad, Pakistan;
[659]John H Stroger Jr Hosp Cook Cty, Dept Internal Med, Chicago, IL USA;
[660]Dow Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Internal Med, Karachi, Pakistan;
[661]Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Epidemiol, Birmingham, AL USA;
[662]Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Med, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA;
[663]Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Psychol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA;
[664]Univ Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA;
[665]Univ Tennessee, Dept Pediat, Knoxville, TN USA;
[666]Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA;
[667]Seoul Natl Univ, Inst Hlth Policy & Management, Seoul, South Korea;
[668]Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Seoul, South Korea;
[669]Int Otorhinolaryngol Res Assoc, Tehran, Iran;
[670]Lund Univ, Clin Epidemiol Unit, Lund, Sweden;
[671]Lund Univ, Dept Clin Sci, Lund, Sweden;
[672]Kenya Revenue Author, Res Dept, Nairobi, Kenya;
[673]Synotech Consultant, Res & Data Solut, Nairobi, Kenya;
[674]Korea Hlth Ind Dev Inst, Cheongju, South Korea;
[675]Northeastern Univ, Dept Hlth Sci, Boston, MA 02115 USA;
[676]Korea Univ, Dept Prevent Med, Seoul, South Korea;
[677]Xiamen Univ Malaysia, Sch Med, Sepang, Malaysia;
[678]Simmons Coll, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA;
[679]Univ Canberra, Fac Hlth, Canberra, ACT, Australia;
[680]Royal Childrens Hosp, Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Melbourne, Vic, Australia;
[681]Royal Childrens Hosp, Neurol Dept, Melbourne, Vic, Australia;
[682]Royal Childrens Hosp, Cardiol Dept, Melbourne, Vic, Australia;
[683]Tulane Univ, Dept Global Community Hlth & Behav Sci, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA;
[684]Jagiellonian Univ, Med Coll, Dept Hlth Econ & Social Secur, Krakow, Poland;
[685]Jagiellonian Univ, Med Coll, Inst Publ Hlth, Krakow, Poland;
[686]Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Ctr Dis Burden, Bergen, Norway;
[687]Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Div Mental & Phys Hlth, Bergen, Norway;
[688]Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Bergen, Norway;
[689]Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Publ Hlth Sci Div, 1124 Columbia St, Seattle, WA 98104 USA;
[690]Natl Cerebral & Cardiovasc Ctr, Dept Prevent Cardiol, Suita, Osaka, Japan;
[691]Arthrit Res Canada, Richmond, BC, Canada;
[692]Sheri Kashmir Inst Med Sci, Dept Internal & Pulm Med, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India;
[693]Panjab Univ, Dept Anthropol, Chandigarh, India;
[694]Univ Montreal, Dept Social & Prevent Med, Montreal, PQ, Canada;
[695]Univ Montreal, Dept Demog, Montreal, PQ, Canada;
[696]Yuksek Ihtisas Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Ankara, Turkey;
[697]Hacettepe Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Ankara, Turkey;
[698]Post Grad Inst Med Educ & Res, Dept Internal Med, Chandigarh, India;
[699]Post Grad Inst Med Educ & Res, Dept Pediat, Chandigarh, India;
[700]Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Populat & Work Abil Program, Helsinki, Finland;
[701]Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Helsinki, Finland;
[702]Univ Helsinki, Dept Publ Hlth, Helsinki, Finland;
[703]Univ Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;
[704]Acad Med Sci, Dept Community & Family Med, Baghdad, Iraq;
[705]Publ Hlth Agcy Canada, Hlth Promot & Chron Dis Prevent Branch, Ottawa, ON, Canada;
[706]HelpMeSee, New York, NY USA;
[707]Mexican Inst Ophthalmol, Int Relat, Queretaro, Mexico;
[708]Maragheh Univ Med Sci, Dept Publ Hlth, Maragheh, Iran;
[709]Maragheh Univ Med Sci, Managerial Epidemiol Res Ctr, Maragheh, Iran;
[710]Nova Southeastern Univ, Coll Optometry, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA;
[711]Local Hlth Unit Tuscany Ctr, Reg Ctr Anal Data Occupat & Work Related Injuries, Florence, Italy;
[712]Univ Florence, Dept Hlth Sci, Florence, Italy;
[713]Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Clin Res Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam;
[714]Shenzhen Sun Yat Sen Cardiovasc Hosp, Dept Clin Res & Epidemiol, Shenzhen, Peoples R China;
[715]Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Noncommunicable Dis Control & Prevent Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China;
[716]Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Beijing, Peoples R China;
[717]Alliance Improving Hlth Outcomes Inc, Quezon City, Philippines;
[718]Samara Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Samara, Ethiopia;
[719]Univ Malaya, Dept Med, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
[720]Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Dept Med & Therapeut, Shatin, Hong Kong, Peoples R China;
[721]Univ Haifa, Sch Publ Hlth, Haifa, Israel;
[722]Ctr Chron Dis Control, Beijing, Peoples R China;
[723]Univ Bristol, Bristol Med Sch, Populat Hlth Sci, Bristol, Avon, England;
[724]Univ Melbourne, Dept Paediat, Melbourne, Qld, Australia;
[725]Univ Melbourne, Sch Hlth Sci, Melbourne, Qld, Australia;
[726]Univ Melbourne, Sch Populat & Global Hlth, Melbourne, Qld, Australia;
[727]Univ Melbourne, Dept Med, Melbourne, Qld, Australia;
[728]Univ Melbourne, Melbourne, Qld, Australia;
[729]Friedrich Schiller Univ Jena, Inst Nutr, Jena, Germany;
[730]Competence Cluster Nutr & Cardiovasc Hlth NUTRICA, Jena, Germany;
[731]Aintree Univ Hosp Natl Hlth Serv NHS Fdn Trust, Gen Surg Dept, Liverpool, Merseyside, England;
[732]Univ Liverpool, Surg Dept, Liverpool, Merseyside, England;
[733]Swansea Univ, Hlth Data Res UK, Swansea, W Glam, Wales;
[734]Nat Univ Singapore, Saw Swee Hock Sch Publ Hlth, Singapore, Singapore;
[735]Nat Univ Singapore, Yong Loo Lin Sch Med, Singapore, Singapore;
[736]Grant Med Coll & Sir JJ Grp Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Bombay, Maharashtra, India;
[737]Duy Tan Univ, Inst Global Hlth Innovat, Hanoi, Vietnam;
[738]Trnava Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Trnava, Slovakia;
[739]Shiraz Univ Med Sci, Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Shiraz, Iran;
[740]Emergency Univ Hosp Bucharest, Surg Dept, Bucharest, Romania;
[741]Fed Inst Educ Sci & Technol Ceara, Campus Caucaia, Caucaia, Brazil;
[742]Med Univ Graz, Clin Inst Med & Chem Lab Diagnost, Graz, Austria;
[743]Univ East, Grad Sch, Ramon Magsaysay Mem Med Ctr, Quezon City, Philippines;
[744]Hosp Ctr St John, Dept Neurol, Porto, Portugal;
[745]Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Biol & Biol Engn, Gothenburg, Sweden;
[746]Lywel Dda Univ Hlth Board, Dept Ophthalmol, Carmarthen, Dyfed, Wales;
[747]Alaska Native Med Ctr, Liver Dis & Hepatitis Program, Anchorage, AK USA;
[748]Ipas Nepal, Res Monitoring & Evaluat, Kathmandu, Nepal;
[749]Natl Inst Canc Prevent & Res, Prevent Oncol, Noida, India;
[750]Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA;
[751]Sevenhills Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Bombay, Maharashtra, India;
[752]Debre Tabor Univ, Coll Hlth Sci, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia;
[753]Univ West Florida, Dept Publ Hlth, Pensacola, FL 32514 USA;
[754]Minist Hlth, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hosp, Res Dept, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;
[755]United Nations Populat Fund UNEPA, Peru Country Off, Lima, Peru;
[756]Wollo Univ, Dept Pharm, Dessie, Ethiopia;
[757]Helsinki Univ Hosp, Neuroctr, Helsinki, Finland;
[758]Helsinki Univ Hosp, Breast Surg Unit, Helsinki, Finland;
[759]Dr Zora Ozic Polyclin, Clin Microbiol & Parasitol Unit, Zagreb, Croatia;
[760]Univ North, Univ Ctr Varazdin, Varazhdin, Croatia;
[761]Pomeranian Med Univ, Dept Hypertens, Szczecin, Poland;
[762]Pomeranian Med Univ, Zdroje Hosp, Szczecin, Poland;
[763]Pomeranian Med Univ, Emergency Dept, Szczecin, Poland;
[764]Pomeranian Med Univ, Szczecin, Poland;
[765]Pacific Inst Res & Evaluat, Calverton, MD USA;
[766]Nevada Div Publ & Behav Hlth, Carson City, NV USA;
[767]Natl Inst Stat, Presidents Off, Bucharest, Romania;
[768]Kyrgyz State Med Acad, Fac Gen Med, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan;
[769]Natl Ctr Cardiol & Internal Dis, Dept Atherosclerosis & Coronary Heart Dis, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan;
[770]Frankfurt Univ Appl Sci, Inst Addict Res ISFF, Frankfurt, Germany;
[771]Salahaddin Univ, Dept Biol, Erbil, Iraq;
[772]Ishik Univ, Erbil, Iraq;
[773]Isfahan Univ Med Sci, Cardiovasc Res Inst, Esfahan, Iran;
[774]Jigjiga Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Jigjiga, Ethiopia;
[775]Ahmadu Bello Univ, Hlth Syst & Policy Res Unit, Zaria, Nigeria;
[776]Ahmadu Bello Univ, Dept Community Med, Zaria, Nigeria;
[777]Burlo Garofolo Inst Maternal & Child Hlth, Clin Epidemiol & Publ Hlth Res Unit, Trieste, Italy;
[778]Natl Hlth Res Inst, Hlth Syst Res Ctr, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico;
[779]Kurdistan Univ Med Sci, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Sanandaj, Iran;
[780]Kurdistan Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Sanandaj, Iran;
[781]Univ Lancaster, Lancaster, England;
[782]Queensland Univ Technol, Int Lab Air Qual & Hlth, Brisbane, Qld, Australia;
[783]Queensland Univ Technol, Australian Ctr Hlth Serv Innovat, Brisbane, Qld, Australia;
[784]Queensland Univ Technol, Sch Exercise & Nutr Sci, Brisbane, Qld, Australia;
[785]Hosp Sto Antonio, Hosp Ctr Porto, Porto, Portugal;
[786]Univ Athens, Dept Ophthalmol 1, Athens, Greece;
[787]Acad Athens, Biomed Res Fdn, Athens, Greece;
[788]Fed Inst Populat Res, Demog Change & Ageing Res Area, Wiesbaden, Germany;
[789]Fed Inst Populat Res, Competence Ctr Mortal Follow Up, Wiesbaden, Germany;
[790]Fed Inst Populat Res, Wiesbaden, Germany;
[791]Ctr Populat & Hlth, Wiesbaden, Germany;
[792]Inst Post Grad Med Educ & Res, Dept Endocrinol & Metab, Kolkata, India;
[793]Sci Univ Malaysia, Sch Med Sci, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia;
[794]Nishtar Med Univ, Pediat Dept, Multan, Pakistan;
[795]Inst Mother & Child Care, Pediat & Pediat Pulmonol, Multan, Pakistan;
[796]Ain Shams Univ, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Cairo, Egypt;
[797]Ain Shams Univ, Dept Entomol, Cairo, Egypt;
[798]Natl Ctr Child Hlth & Dev, Tokyo, Japan;
[799]Ulm Univ, Inst Epidemiol & Med Biometry, Ulm, Germany;
[800]Chungnam Natl Univ, Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med & Publ Hlth, Daejeon, South Korea;
[801]Chungnam Natl Univ Hosp, Daejeon Reg Canc Ctr, Daejeon, South Korea;
[802]Suraj Eye Inst, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India;
[803]Univ Yaounde I, Dept Publ Hlth, Yaounde, Cameroon;
[804]Dept Cardiol, Cardio Aid, Bucharest, Romania;
[805]Wellcome Trust Res Programme, Kenya Med Res Inst, Neurosci, Kilifi, Kenya;
[806]Univ Embu, Dept Biol Sci, Embu, Kenya;
[807]Hanoi Sch Publ Hlth, Hlth Econ & Finance, Hanoi, Vietnam;
[808]Hanoi Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Econ, Hanoi, Vietnam;
[809]Hanoi Sch Publ Hlth, Hanoi, Vietnam;
[810]State Univ Semarang, Publ Hlth Sci Dept, Kota Semarang, Indonesia;
[811]Taipei Med Univ, Grad Inst Biomed Informat, Taipei, Taiwan;
[812]Natl Ctr Global Hlth & Med, Inst Global Hlth Policy Res, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo, Japan;
[813]Kyung Hee Univ, Dept Prevent Med, Seoul, South Korea;
[814]Human Sci Res Council, Dept HIV AIDS STIs & TB, Durban, South Africa;
[815]Univ Namibia, Sch Publ Hlth, Oshakati Campus, Windhoek, Namibia;
[816]Univ Lagos, Dept Psychiat, Lagos, Nigeria;
[817]Ctr Hlth Start Initiat, Ikoyi, Nigeria;
[818]Minist Hlth, NCD Prevent & Control Unit, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei;
[819]Univ Brunei Darussalam, Inst Hlth Sci, Gadong, Brunei;
[820]San Diego State Univ, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, San Diego, CA 92182 USA;
[821]Autonomous Univ Madrid, Sch Med, Madrid, Spain;
[822]Jimenez Diaz Univ Hosp, Inst Hlth Res Fdn, Dept Hypertens & Nephrol, Madrid, Spain;
[823]St Lukes Int Univ, Dept Global Hlth Nursing, Chuo Ku, Tokyo, Japan;
[824]Minist Hlth Russian Federat, Ctr Healthcare Qual Assessment & Control, Moscow, Russia;
[825]Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Moscow Inst Phys & Technol, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia;
[826]Univ Ibadan, Inst Adv Med Res & Training, Ibadan, Nigeria;
[827]Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Univ, Dept TB & Resp Med, Mysore, Karnataka, India;
[828]Univ Chichester, Chichester, England;
[829]Ctr Hlth Outcomes & Evaluat, Hlth Outcomes, Bucharest, Romania;
[830]Kosin Univ, Dept Med Humanities & Social Med, Busan, South Korea;
[831]Maimonides Hosp, Dept Med, Brooklyn, NY 11219 USA;
[832]Deemed Univ, Krishna Inst Med Sci, Karad, India;
[833]Int Inst Hlth Management Res, New Delhi, India;
[834]Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Populat Hlth Grp, Melbourne, Vic, Australia;
[835]Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Melbourne, Vic, Australia;
[836]Diabet Res Soc, Clin Res Dept, Hyderabad, India;
[837]DiabetOmics, Clin Res Dept, Portland, OR USA;
[838]Save Children, Hlth Nutr & HIV AIDS Program, Kathmandu, Nepal;
[839]Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen, Ctr Int Hlth, Munich, Germany;
[840]Cartagena Univ, Cartagena, Colombia;
[841]Univ Gothenburg, Inst Med, Gothenburg, Sweden;
[842]Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Publ Hlth, Johannesburg, South Africa;
[843]Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Shanghai Mental Hlth Ctr, Shanghai, Peoples R China;
[844]Durban Univ Technol, Basic Med Sci Dept, Durban, South Africa;
[845]Ctr Addict & Mental Hlth, Inst Mental Hlth Policy Res, Toronto, ON, Canada;
[846]Charotar Univ Sci & Technol, Ashok & Rita Patel Inst Physiotherapy, Anand, Gujarat, India;
[847]Alborz Univ Med Sci, Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr, Karaj, Iran;
[848]Drexel Univ, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA;
[849]Medichem, Barcelona, Spain;
[850]Contech Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Lahore, Pakistan;
[851]Sweidi Hosp, Dept Clin Pediat, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;
[852]North West Univ, Dept Pediat, Peshawar, Pakistan;
[853]North West Univ, Hypertens Africa Res Team, Peshawar, Pakistan;
[854]Soc Hlth & Demog Surveillance, Suri, India;
[855]Univ Gottingen, Dept Econ, Gottingen, Germany;
[856]Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Goncalo Moniz Inst, Salvador, BA, Brazil;
[857]Univ Coll London Hosp, London, England;
[858]Publ Hlth England, London, England;
[859]Brien Holden Vision Inst, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
[860]Org Prevent Blindness, Paris, France;
[861]Univ Fed Uberlandia, Dept Clin Res, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil;
[862]Golestan Univ Med Sci, Golestan Res Ctr Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Gorgan, Iran;
[863]Ikiam Amazon Reg Univ, Biotechnol, Ciudad De Tena, Ecuador;
[864]Southern Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Ocean Sci & Engn, Shenzhen, Peoples R China;
[865]Prince Wales Hosp, Neuropsychiat Inst, Randwick, NSW, Australia;
[866]Mashhad Univ Med Sci, Neurogen Inflammat Res Ctr, Mashhad, Iran;
[867]Mashhad Univ Med Sci, Biotechnol Res Ctr, Mashhad, Iran;
[868]Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic Univ, Coll Med, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;
[869]York Univ, Fac Hlth, Sch Hlth & Policy Management, Toronto, ON, Canada;
[870]Panjab Univ, Coll Pharm, Anarkali, Pakistan;
[871]Stanford Univ, Ctr Hlth Policy, Stanford, CA 94305 USA;
[872]Stanford Univ, Ctr Primary Care & Outcomes Res, Stanford, CA 94305 USA;
[873]Chest Res Fdn, Clin Res Div, Pune, Maharashtra, India;
[874]Minist Hlth, Hlth & Disabil Intelligence Grp, Wellington, New Zealand;
[875]Marshall Univ, Dept Surg, Huntington, WV USA;
[876]Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Nutr & Prevent Med, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA;
[877]Jimenez Diaz Fdn Univ Hosp, Inst Hlth Res, Nephrol Grp, Madrid, Spain;
[878]Reg Hlth Adm Norte IP, Dept Publ Hlth, Vila Nova De Gaia, Portugal;
[879]Univ Massachusetts, Med Sch, Dept Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA;
[880]Univ Appl & Environm Sci, Fac Med, Dept Hlth & Soc, Bogota, Colombia;
[881]Univ Kwazulu Natal, Dept Publ Hlth Med, Durban, South Africa;
[882]Hamad Med Corp, Surg Dept, Doha, Qatar;
[883]Bournemouth Univ, Fac Hlth & Social Sci, Bournemouth, Dorset, England;
[884]Utkal Univ, UGC Ctr Adv Study Psychol, Bhubaneswar, India;
[885]Udyam Global Assoc Sustainable Dev, Bhubaneswar, India;
[886]Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India;
[887]Univ N Carolina, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA;
[888]Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Sch Hlth Sci, Ararangua, Brazil;
[889]Univ Zagreb, Dept Med Stat Epidemiol & Med Informat, Zagreb, Croatia;
[890]Croatian Inst Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol & Prevent Chron Noncommunicable Dis, Zagreb, Croatia;
[891]NYU, Langone Med Ctr, New York, NY USA;
[892]An Najah Natl Univ, Publ Hlth Div, Nablus, Palestine;
[893]Middle East Liver Dis Ctr, Dept Mol Hepatol, Tehran, Iran;
[894]Islamic Azad Univ, Dept Lab Sci, Sari, Iran;
[895]Islamic Azad Univ, Dept Basic Sci, Sari, Iran;
[896]Minist Hlth, Policy & Planning Div, Thimphi, Bhutan;
[897]Delhi Technol Univ, Univ Sch Management & Entrepreneurship, New Delhi, India;
[898]Fudan Univ, Dept Pulm Med, Shanghai, Peoples R China;
[899]Univ Edinburgh, Usher Inst Populat Hlth Sci & Informat, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland;
[900]Tufts Univ, Friedman Sch Nutr Sci & Policy, Boston, MA 02111 USA;
[901]Natl Inst Infect Dis, Tokyo, Japan;
[902]Martin Luther Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Med Epidemiol, Halle, Germany;
[903]Univ Technol Sydney, Sch Hlth, Sydney, NSW, Australia;
[904]Reykjavik Univ, Dept Psychol, Reykjavik, Iceland;
[905]Brasilia Univ, Brasilia, DF, Brazil;
[906]Max Hosp, Ghaziabad, India;
[907]Asthma Bhawan, Dept Pulm Med, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India;
[908]Sch Prevent Oncol, Dept Epidemiol, Patna, Bihar, India;
[909]King Khalid Univ Hosp, Pediat Dept, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;
[910]Int Med Univ, Div Community Med, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
[911]Minist Hlth, FRIHOI, Cent Res Inst Cytol & Genet, Moscow, Russia;
[912]Minist Hlth, FRIHOI, Moscow, Russia;
[913]Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Neuromed & Movement Sci, Trondheim, Norway;
[914]St Olavs Hosp, Neuro Ctr, Trondheim, Norway;
[915]Muhammadiyah Univ Surakarta, Dept Nursing, Kartasura, Indonesia;
[916]Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Dept Community Hlth, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania;
[917]Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania;
[918]Univ Calif Riverside, Sch Med, Riverside, CA 92521 USA;
[919]Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Criminol Law & Soc, Irvine, CA USA;
[920]Univ Valencia, Dept Med, Valencia, Spain;
[921]Univ Valencia, Dept Pediat Obstet & Gynecol, Valencia, Spain;
[922]Biomed Res Networking Ctr Mental Hlth Network CIB, Carlos III Hlth Inst, Madrid, Spain;
[923]Osaka Int Canc Inst, Canc Control Ctr, Osaka, Japan;
[924]New York Med Coll, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA;
[925]Univ Inst Egas Moniz, Monte De Caparica, Portugal;
[926]Univ Lisbon, Fac Pharm Lisbon, Res Inst Med, Lisbon, Portugal;
[927]Univ Virginia, Anesthesiol Dept, Charlottesville, VA USA;
[928]Syrian Expatriate Med Assoc, Charlottesville, VA USA;
[929]Nanyang Technol Univ, Lee Kong Chian Sch Med, Singapore, Singapore;
[930]Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore, Singapore;
[931]Univ Calgary, Dept Med, Calgary, AB, Canada;
[932]Agcy Hlth Technol Assessment & Tariff Syst, Warsaw, Poland;
[933]Univ Hosp Doctor Peset, Pediat Dept, Valencia, Spain;
[934]Natl Inst Hlth & Med Res, Nutr Epidemiol Res Team, Paris, France;
[935]Hanoi Med Univ, Dept Hlth Econ, Hanoi, Vietnam;
[936]Mil Med Univ, Clin Hematol & Toxicol, Hanoi, Vietnam;
[937]Fed Teaching Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Abakaliki, Nigeria;
[938]Gomal Univ, Gomal Ctr Biochem & Biotechnol, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan;
[939]Mufti Mehmood Mem Teaching Hosp, TB Culture Lab, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan;
[940]Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Sch Govt, Santiago, Chile;
[941]Brandeis Univ, Schneider Inst Hlth Policy, Waltham, MA USA;
[942]Argentine Soc Med, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina;
[943]Velez Sarsfield Hosp, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina;
[944]UKK Inst, Tampere, Finland;
[945]Raffles Hosp, Raffles Neurosci Ctr, Singapore, Singapore;
[946]St Orsola Malpighi Hosp, Occupat Hlth Unit, Bologna, Italy;
[947]IM Sechenov First Moscow State Med Univ, Dept Informat & Internet Technol, Moscow, Russia;
[948]Natl Res Univ, Dept Hlth Care Adm & Econ, Moscow, Russia;
[949]Fdn Univ, Fdn Univ Med Coll, Rawalpindi, Pakistan;
[950]Wuhan Univ, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China;
[951]Wuhan Univ, Global lealth Inst, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China;
[952]Tech Univ Munich, Dept Neurol, Munich, Germany;
[953]Royal Cornwall Hosp, Bone & Joint Res Grp, Truro, England;
[954]Univ Strathclyde, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland;
[955]St Johns Natl Acad Hlth Sci, Dept Pharmacol, Bangalore, Karnataka, India;
[956]Nanjing Univ, Sch Med, Nanjing, Jiangsu, Peoples R China;
[957]Milad Gen Hosp, Clin Canc Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran;
[958]Northwestern Univ, Dept Prevent Med, Chicago, IL 60611 USA;
[959]King Fahd Univ Petr & Minerals, Dept Earth Sci, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia;
[960]Wolkite Univ, Wolkite, Ethiopia;
[961]Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Dept Psychopharmacol, Tokyo, Japan;
[962]Univ Kinshasa, Sch Publ Hlth, Kinshasa, DEM REP CONGO;
[963]Jackson State Univ, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Jackson, MS USA;
[964]Tsinghua Univ, Beijing, Peoples R China;
[965]Inst Oncol Ljubljana, Epidemiol & Canc Registry Sect, Ljubljana, Slovenia;
[966]Univ Hosp Setif, Dept Epidemiol, Setif, Algeria;
[967]Ardebil Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Ardebil, Iran;
[968]Minist Hlth, Israeli Ctr Dis Control, Ramat Gan, Israel;
[969]Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Tel Aviv, Israel
(8.0+极速模式)